📄️ The Four Forces
What are the four forces acting on the aircraft in flight?
📄️ Axes of an Aircraft
An aircraft's motion is defined around three imaginary axes that intersect at its center of gravity (CG). These axes are perpendicular to each other and represent the aircraft's ability to move in three dimensions.
📄️ Wingtip Vortices
Formation of Vortices
📄️ Ground Effect
When an aircraft in flight comes within several feet of the surface, ground or water, a change occurs in the three-dimensional flow pattern around the aircraft because the vertical component of the airflow around the wing is restricted by the surface. This alters the wing’s upwash, downwash, and wingtip vortices. It is due to the interference of the ground (or water) surface with the airflow patterns about the aircraft in flight. As the wing encounters ground effect and is maintained at a constant angle of attack (AOA), there is consequent reduction in the upwash, downwash, and wingtip vortices.
📄️ Stability
Stability